Legal analysis of
a divorce proceeding initiated in Hong Kong between a Dutch citizen who
married, without a marriage contract, to a Russian citizen, in France, who had
her first family residence in France, and who found to divorce in Hong Kong.
Between the law of the place of marriage and the law of the first home of the
family, how to protect real estate assets acquired in France.
Article:
If Montaigne
liked to think that travel is youth, it is also true that they can help form a
refined opinion in private international law,
The legal
analysis conducted in Hong Kong made it possible to examine the question of the
immutability of matrimonial agreements in private international law,
particularly in the particular case of a Dutch citizen who married, without a
marriage contract, to a Russian citizen, in France, who finds herself, a
professional career doing, to divorce in Hong-Kong,
And inevitably,
to approach the love of France before a judge of Hong Kong, is not necessarily
easy.
In this case, it
was indeed about the love of France.
Fortunately, the
Hague Convention and the Rome Convention provide a number of answers.
Mr. X is a Dutch
citizen, in love with France as his parents who live there for years he invests
and buys an apartment on the « French Riviera »,
Afterwards, he
meets Ms. Y, a Russian citizen,
He married in
France, without a marriage contract, and lived there for several years, notably
by buying, with his wife, a villa on the « French Riviera »,
Before being
transferred to work in different parts of the world.
And finally, the
couple separates while Mr. X was posted for only 6 months in Hong-Kong,
Ms. Y initiated
divorce proceedings and seized the Hong Kong judge.
The French regime
of the legal community, that is, of the community reduced to acquests, leads
the judge to take into consideration only the property acquired during the
marriage.
The Hong Kong law
is clearly different on this point.
Hong Kong law
suggests that the wife can integrate in the sharing apprehend both half of the
common property but also the assets acquired by Mr. X before marriage.
The financial and
patrimonial consequences are clearly different according to whether we apply
French law or Hong Kong law,
In Hong Kong,
while it is true that assets acquired before marriage remain in principle the
exclusive property of the party who financed the purchase, the fact remains
that if family assets are insufficient to meet the needs of the parties or
children, and if the income from that property is mixed with the family’s
assets and expenses, pre-marital assets may be considered part of the family’s
assets for the purpose of division of property.
It is quite
obvious that such a decision is totally contrary to the matrimonial regime of
the community reduced to acquests in French law since it allows the judge of
Hong Kong to apprehend personal assets acquired before the marriage and to
integrate them in the partition to fill assets insufficient to meet the needs
of the wife or children.
This would
suggest that the Russian wife could express financial claims to the judge of
Hong Kong on the estate of Mr. X, acquired before marriage.
For all that,
private international law makes it possible to challenge this approach,
First of all, it
should be recalled that private international law enshrines the principle of
the immutability of matrimonial agreements, excluding the application of
another right.
In fact, the
Hague Convention of 14 March 1978 enshrines this principle and makes it very
clear that, in the absence of a marriage contract, the law required by the
spouses is indicated by the law of their marriage establishment,
For all purposes,
it is necessary to repeat Article 4 of the Hague Convention, which states:
If the spouses
have not, before the marriage, designated the law applicable to their
matrimonial regime, this one is subjected to the internal law of the State in the
territory of which they establish their first habitual residence after the
marriage.
However, in the
following cases, the matrimonial regime is subject to the internal law of the
State of the common nationality of the spouses:
1. where the
declaration provided for in Article 5 has been made by that State and its
effect is not excluded by paragraph 2 of that Article;
2. when that
State is not a Party to the Convention, its domestic law is applicable
according to its private international law, and the spouses establish their
first habitual residence after marriage:
(a) in a State
which has made the declaration provided for in Article 5, or
(b) in a State
which is not a Party to the Convention and whose private international law also
prescribes the application of their national law;
3. where the
spouses do not establish in the territory of the same State their first
habitual residence after the marriage.
In the absence of
a habitual residence of the spouses in the territory of the same State and in
the absence of a common nationality, their matrimonial property is subject to
the internal law of the State with which, having regard to all the
circumstances, it has the closest ties .
However, in this
case of species, the spouses, both of different nationality, were married in
France and had their first residence in France,
The Hague
Convention is perfectly applicable,
They also bought
a property in France and also gave birth in France while they were posted in a
job abroad.
In such a way
that the Hong Kong judge can not apply the Hong Kong law but must apply French
law which prohibits the Hong Kong judge from considering any right of Mrs. Y to
the marriage on the property of Monsieur,
Moreover, it is
also necessary to apprehend the law applicable to the property of Mr. X,
because again, private international law does not allow the judge of Hong Kong
to create rights to Mrs. Y on the French property acquired in own of Mr. X.
In order to
determine what is the law applicable to Mr X’s property situated in France and
acquired before marriage, reference is made to Articles 7 and 9 of the 1991
Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, in particular
contracts concluded subsequently including a marriage.
Articles 3, 7 and
9 of the 1991 Rome Convention, which states in article 3 that « The
contract shall be governed by the law chosen by the parties » should be
taken over. This choice must be express or result of certain provisions of the
contract or the circumstances of the case.
A Frenchman getting
married in France and investing in France suggests that French law is
applicable.
The text states
clearly « By this choice, the parties can designate the law applicable to
all or only part of their contract. «
It would have
been advisable that a marriage contract be envisaged not only to determine the
community regime and especially to determine which law would be applicable in
particular the French law to the detriment of that of Hong Kong in case of
divorce.
Article 3-3
states « The choice by the parties of a foreign law, whether or not
accompanied by a foreign court, may not, where all other elements of the
situation are localized at the time of such choice in a the only country to
violate the provisions of the law of that country which does not permit
derogations by contract, hereinafter referred to as « mandatory
provisions ».
This text is in
harmony with the Hague Convention concerning the strong ties of marriage
mentioned above,
All would suggest
that if the career has brought Mr. X to Hong Kong, place of separation, the
fact remains that the judge of Hong Kong should apply French law, right of the
first family home is specified that all the clues suggest that the initial
choices were perfectly tied to France and that the divorce in Hong Kong results
only from a career accident.
Article 7 of the
1991 Rome Convention on Police Laws provides:
« In the
application, under this Convention, of the law of a particular country, the
mandatory provisions of the law of another country with which the situation is
closely related may be given effect, if and to the extent that, according to
the law of the latter country, these provisions are applicable irrespective of
the law governing the contract.
In deciding
whether these mandatory provisions should be given effect, account shall be
taken of their nature and purpose and of the consequences of their application
or non-application. «
Article 9 (6) of
the same Rome Convention states that: « Notwithstanding the provisions of
the first four paragraphs of this Article, any contract relating to an
immovable real right or a right of use of an immovable is subject to the
mandatory rules of form of the law of the country where the immovable is
located, provided that according to this law they apply regardless of the place
of conclusion of the contract and the law governing the substance.
Everything
suggests that for the real estate property of Mr. X, only French law is
intended to apply, even if, in fine, in my opinion, the judge of Hong Kong, who
is the judge of the last known marital home should be much more inclined to use
Hong Kong law than French law,
And yet …
It is therefore
intended to decide the circumstances of the divorce and to impose on Mr. X this
legal problem in Hong Kong which suggests that if the assets acquired before
the marriage are in principle considered as belonging to the party that
financed the purchase, it the fact remains that if the family assets are
insufficient to meet the needs of the wife or children and the income of his
property is mixed with the assets and expenses of the family, he may consider
that they are part of the assets. family for purposes of division of property.
This is totally
contrary to the rules of French law.
Everything
suggests the visa of the above-mentioned international provisions and according
to the case law of private international law, that the French law of the regime
of the community reduced to acquests would apply to the detriment of Hong Kong
law.
Even if the judge
of Hong Kong would fix a claim for maintenance that would be owed by Mr. X that
would lead to the realization of the asset, the fact remains that he can not
impose it.
Indeed, the Hong
Kong judge has no right to personal property.
Not only would
Hong Kong’s decision be contrary to private international law and the Hague
Convention,
But in addition,
this decision would be impossible to execute in France.
Understandably,
the Hong Kong judge would simply be able to apprehend a claim but the latter
would result from Hong Kong law to create a kind of bridge between family debt
and exclusive property that one of the spouses acquired before the marriage.
While it is true
that in Hong Kong law the principle of equal sharing prevails over the common
heritage, there is the question of personal wealth acquired before marriage.
The decision to
determine a claim on the basis of a prior estate is, in my opinion, contrary to
the French provisions.
If the Hong Kong
judge may consider that the concept of own property does not have to be taken
into consideration, the fact remains that French law is opposable.
Accordingly, the
abovementioned international provisions are applicable and come into conflict
with the extended power of a judge who may, on the basis of Common Law law and
their case-law, in particular the WHITE judgment, or even the NORRIS judgment,
support the fact that personal real estate assets can be integrated.
Only French
property acquired during the marriage can be shared 50/50.
And again, to the
extent that he is not a marital home, he can also be the subject of discussions
about possible rights to reward between spouses, precisely for the benefit of
Mr. X who assured without fail the maintenance and all current, tax and banking
expenses of the common good,
It is important
to note that the NORRIS case confirms that the judge can ask the husband to
repay the sums he has spent on the community so that even on a common good
nothing would allow the judge from Hong Kong to come generate any right to
reward or share on the property.
In any event and
in this particular case, Mr. X could argue despite all the fact that all of the
assets that were covered and financed by his personal funds.
Even if the Hong
Kong judge considered that Mrs. Y had a right to this personal property, Mr. X
would be entitled to proceed by way of compensation by reporting the expenses
he had incurred and seeking a right of reward.
With regard to
the common property acquired after the marriage, Mr. X would be entitled, even
before Judge Hong Kong, to state that a large part of this property was settled
by him and to claim a right of reward.
Mr. X is
justified in considering that he can preserve his own property regardless of
the view of the Hong Kong judge on this point.
Even though the
Hong Kong judge considered that the property proper is to be reported in the
context of sharing, the fact remains that in my opinion, it can not make this
decision payable under French law.
Let us remember
for all that any procedure for the purpose of carrying out the exequatur in
French law of the decision of the Hong Kong judge requires a triple
demonstration,
First, the
decision must have been made regularly by the Hong Kong court,
Secondly, the
decision must have been made in accordance with the rules of procedure in Hong
Kong and be enforceable in Hong Kong,
Thirdly and above
all, the decision must be in accordance with national public order, which may
cause a difficulty in the light of the violation of the abovementioned
international texts,
Moreover, it
should be remembered that in terms of conflict of laws, Article 3 of the Civil
Code stipulates that:
« The police
and security laws oblige all those who live in the territory.
Buildings, even
those owned by foreigners, are governed by French law.
The laws
concerning the state and the capacity of the people govern the French, even
residing in foreign country. «
As a consequence,
in the light of the Hague Convention, the French conflict rule enshrines the
principle of the immutability of matrimonial agreements imposes the application
of French law, designated as the applicable law, the law desired by the spouses
indicated by the law of the place of marriage and the law of the first domicile
of the family,
The fact remains
that all the choices made at the time of the marriage show that the interests
are rather French and the Hong Kong judge could only apply French law.
If the Hong Kong
judge chose to apply Hong Kong law, which in practice remains possible even
though contrary to the aforementioned rules of private international law, the
Russian wife could not have the decision of the Hong Kong judge enforced in
France. could not consider executing judicially the real estate assets of Mr.
X.
This trip also
allowed a legal and judicial exchange in comparative Franco-Hong Kong law
matrimonial regimes with the cabinet HALDANES extremely rewarding.
I warmly thank my
excellent colleague, Mr Nicholas HEMENS, for his fine legal analysis and his
great judicial experience, allowing us to apprehend a judicial strategy not on
one, but on two countries.
I warmly thank
Patricia LIU, whose charm is matched only by her high degree of expertise in
family law and matrimonial property law, especially when the international
scope of the case has given it some relief,
Article written
by Maître Laurent LATAPIE,
Lawyer, Doctor in
Law,
www.laurent-latapie-avocat.fr